A word processor with three threads.

A multithreaded Web server.

• (a) Three processes each with one thread.
• (b) One process with three threads.

• The first column lists some items shared by all threads in a process.
• The second one lists some items private to each thread.

Each thread has its own stack.

• (a) A user-level threads package.
• (b) A threads package managed by the kernel.

• Multiplexing user-level threads onto kernel-level threads.

• (a) Possible scheduling of user-level threads
• (b) Possible scheduling of kernel-level threads

Creation of a new thread when a message arrives.

• (a) Before the message arrives. 
• (b) After the message arrives.

Conflicts between threads over the use of a global variable.

Threads can have private global variables.

Some of the Pthreads function calls.

Some of the Pthreads calls relating to mutexes.

Some of the Pthreads calls relating to condition variables.

• Chapter 2: Processes and threads, Modern Operating Systems . Forth Edition, Andrew S. Tanenbaum
• Chapter 11: Threads. Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment, Third Edition. W. Richard Stevens，Stephen A. Rago